Saturday, August 22, 2020

Understanding The Great Gatsby First Line and Epigraph

Understanding The Great Gatsby First Line and Epigraph SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There’s a motivation behind why magazines consistently set up arrangements of the best first lines in the entirety of writing: book openings establish a gigantic connection with readers.How a book begins causes us situate on the planet that the book is making. To begin with, it gives us our first thought of the storyteller, and the kind of portrayal we’re going to experience. Will it be a raspy first-individual admission? Or on the other hand a cool and confined third-individual perception? Second, it presents the setting, telling us where and when the story happens - which is significant for balancing peruser desires. Our opinion of two individuals kissing in demure and appropriate Victorian England will be totally different than our opinion of a similar couple in advanced Canada. So what does the start of The Great Gatsby uncover? Peruse on for the importance of this work’s epigraph, its initial line, and its starting sections. Article Roadmap Dissecting the epigraph ofThe Great Gatsby Investigating the importance behind The Great Gatsby's first lines Understanding Nick as a storyteller from The Great Gatsby's first passages Snappy Note on Our Citations Our reference design in this guide is (chapter.paragraph). We're utilizing this framework since there are numerous releases of Gatsby, so utilizing page numbers would just work for understudies with our duplicate of the book. To discover a citation we refer to by means of part and section in your book, you can either eyeball it (Paragraph 1-50: start of part; 50-100: center of part; 100-on: end of section), or utilize the inquiry work in case you're utilizing an on the web or eReader adaptation of the content. The Epigraph Poem of The Great Gatsby The tale is introduced by this four-line sonnet: At that point wear the gold cap, if that will move her; If you can bob high, ricochet for her as well, Till she cry Darling, gold-hatted, high-skipping sweetheart, I should have you! - Thomas Parke D'Invilliers To start with, let’s break down the sonnet, and afterward we can discuss who this D’Invilliers individual is. â€Å"Then Wear the Gold Hat† In the most fundamental sense, the sonnet is a recommendation. We know this in light of the fact that the primary words, â€Å"then wear,† make it sound like we are hearing the center of a discussion. Somebody has been grumbling about his sentimental issues with a particular â€Å"she,† and the poem’s speaker is replying with certain tips on what to do. The guidance the sonnet is: make a special effort to intrigue her with your riches/status (â€Å"gold hat†), and with your derring-do (â€Å"bounce high†). Whatever you can do to stand out for her is justified, despite all the trouble in the event that she winds up prevailed upon, in light of the fact that then she will be voracious (â€Å"I must have you†). Obviously, this picture of a ‘gold-hatted, high-bobbing lover’ is clownish, best case scenario and totally silly even from a pessimistic standpoint. The poemechoesthe novel's plot and portrayals: Gatsby’s way to deal with prevailing upon Daisy is actually that of the gold-hatted, high-skipping darling, edgy totry anything - including purchasing a goliath manor nearby and tossing week by week parties in the unclear expectation that she would appear. Putting on a cap as a method of shining your picture is actually what Gatsby has done in receiving his â€Å"Oxford man† persona, and identifies with the manner in which he is once in a while depicted as an entertainer or imposter. (Scratch calls Gatsby a turbaned character spilling sawdust at each pore (4.31), while owl-eye glasses party visitor looks at Gatsby to David Belasco, an acclaimed theater maker in Chapter 3). Simultaneously, the away from of the picture of this darling focuses to the insanity of Gatsby’s fixation and the preposterousness of his monomaniacal journey for Daisy’s heart. There is no poise in the methodology the sonnet suggests, as there is none in Gatsby’s also. This thought is additionally strengthened when we consider that Fitzgerald initially needed the novel to have an increasingly satiric flavor (look at our article on The Great Gatsby'stitle for additional subtleties). The sonnet likewise associates with novel through the character of â€Å"she,† who subs for Daisy. It's critical to take note of that the she in the sonnet is somebody to dazzle and prevail upon, and not somebody to get the hang of anything about. Much the same as Daisy in the novel, the sonnet's she is a prize or a goal as opposed to an individual. Thomas Parke D’Invilliers Learn to expect the unexpected. There is no such writer as D’Invilliers! Fitzgerald caused him to up, and made up this sonnet too. Actually, D’Invilliers is a minor character in This Side of Paradise, Fitzgerald’s prior novel about Princeton. In that book, the fundamental character gets to know D’Invilliers, who is a capable artist - however whose sonnets will in general overlook the hazardous or horrendous parts of the real world. Here, the accepted name and designed persona of this artist likewise tie into the Gatsby venture, playing into the novel's key topic of the impermanence of personality. James Gatz changes himself into the stylish Jay Gatsby, andthis writer is a spread character for Fitzgerald. So,D’Invilliers depended on the Fitzgerald's amigo, writer John Peale Bishop. Couldn’t the genuine guyhave composed something to be Fitzgerald’s epigraph? The Great GatsbyFirst Lines This is the manner by which Chapter 1 of this novel starts: In my more youthful and progressively helpless years my dad offered me some guidance that I’ve been turning over in my psyche from that point forward. â€Å"Whenever you want to condemn any one,† he let me know, â€Å"just recollect that all the individuals in this world haven’t had the points of interest that you’ve had.† (1.1-2) Let’s take the Great Gatsby first lines separated in an assortment of ways. What We Learn About the Narrator The primary thing we make sense of is that the story will be told in the principal individual (which means it’s described by a â€Å"I† voice who is a character in the story and who is available at the occasions he depicts). The second thing we see is that there is in any event onetime move in the portrayal. Scratch is more established currently, yet is thinking back on youth and a more â€Å"vulnerable† time. There are a few distinct approaches to decipher this helplessness, particularly before we have perused further: this storyteller might be powerless against being harmed by others, to being affected by awful environmental factors/individuals, or perhaps to taking his dad’s guidance at face esteem. We additionally get our first hint into Nick’s foundation: he originates from cash, training, and reproducing (â€Å"advantages†), which will permit him to fit in sensibly well in the old-cash East Coast world that he will experience in the novel. The Advice Given to Nick by His Father We find that Nick experiences considerable difficulties associating with his dad’s counsel. It’s intriguing that he educates us regarding this trouble before he really discloses to us the counsel itself - as though he might want us to peruse this bit of parental intelligence with a similar vacillation and grain of salt that he himself has. Precisely why he has been â€Å"turning it over in his mind† isn't illuminated, and again could be for an assortment of reasons: Nick may ponder when and where it’s material, valuable, valid, or even whether he can really adhere to it. The â€Å"advice† from his dad appears to be extremely increasingly like a burrow at Nick. The expression â€Å"whenever you want to censure anyone† makes it sound Nick frequently makes a decision about different people’s conduct and activities without thinking about setting or conditions. This reveals to us one of his primary shortcomings - and it’s an entirely noteworthy one considering Nick will be the eyes through which we see the various characters! How Nick’s Father’s Advice Shapes How Nick Tells The Story Dissimilar to the novel’s epigraph, which truly is guidance on what to do, Nick’s father’s words appear to be increasingly similar to either an analysis of Nick’s negative behavior patterns or even an admonition or some likeness thereof. As it were, the dad's-counsel encircling account makes the novelinto a reverseAesop’s tale, where the ethical starts things out and is trailed by the story that demonstrates the standard. Fundamentally, this â€Å"advice† puts a major boundary among Nick and â€Å"all the individuals in this world† in light of the fact that he has had â€Å"advantages† that they haven’t. So what are these points of interest? the sort of riches that orders Nickas â€Å"old money† (we discover that the Carraways have been a conspicuous family for a few ages) a feeling of profound quality and passionate groundedness that Nick calls the crucial tolerabilities is allocated at birth† (1.3), grandiosely inferring that he is morally above most others This implies during the remainder of the novel, this highbrow character and this propensity to excuse every other person as being sub-par is something to look for in Nick’s depiction of others and occasions. Gotta love that Nick’s father is essentially similar to, â€Å"Maybe check your benefit now and again, son.† The Novel’sFirst SixParagraphs Scratch spends the primary passages of the novel urging us to confide in him and to have confidence in his fairness and practical insight. Rather than propelling into the plot of the story he's going to tell, Nick rather invests a critical piece of energy clarifying his family foundation, giving us a snappy bio of himself up to the point of the late spring of 1922. As it were, the initial six sections of The Great Gatsby are committed to setting up Nick as both an intriguing character and a moderately target storyteller. Would it be a good idea for us to acknowledge all that he says at face esteem? Scratch as a Narrator The fundamental inquiry we need to pose to ourselves is: is Nick's first-individual storyteller dependable or temperamental? On the one ha

Friday, August 21, 2020

How to Find a Survey That Will Allow You to Get Your Opinion About Yourself

How to Find a Survey That Will Allow You to Get Your Opinion About YourselfAre you in the market for a survey taking company that can give you the best results when it comes to marketing and advertising to you and your customers? If so, then the best place to find a good agency is on the Internet. Now this is true not only of finding a good agency but also in getting the right company to help you. All of the top survey companies are online, and they have an entire team dedicated to helping consumers learn more about themselves.A company called Survey Monkey makes it very easy for you to get started. They make sure that you can get all of the information you need about you. You can send them a short questionnaire so that they can take a look at you and what you have to offer. In return they will get to know you and what your products or services are about.Most companies have a website where they have put together some information. This is all they need to provide you. They may also ne ed some kind of payment system. They can make use of PayPal as well as credit cards and checks.From the information you get from your sample information you can get your email address. This is so you can continue to communicate with the company. With emails you can send updates as well as receive alerts to your email.In many cases you will be asked to verify your email address. The reason they need to verify this is so that they can ensure that you are who you say you are. You can also enter your credit card and bank information if you want to.It is not a hard process to complete because they will ask you the most important details about you. In return they will get a chance to meet you, see your product and service and ask questions about you and what you are offering. Then they will give you their opinion on your answers. They may even ask for a phone call to get your reaction to the survey.Once you have received the Information About Me Sample Survey you can decide if you would l ike to continue to receive surveys about you. However, it is not the only survey company that offers you sample questions about you. There are many others such as 123Contact, MyTrends and Chatline.When looking for a company to help you and your family to find out more about you, it is always good to have a few companies that offer you samples about you. Having a list of companies that are all online and willing to help you in any way possible is always a good idea.

Monday, May 25, 2020

Sex, Gender, And Sexuality - 1391 Words

SEX, GENDER, AND SEXUALITY 1 Sex, Gender, and Sexuality Joel M. Queen Oklahoma State University Sex, Gender, and Sexuality When you go on with your daily lives and norms, you tend to not give much attention to what kind of roles certain genders play or how we perceive certain gender to perform said roles. Lorber mentions in the early part of her argument that we seem to treat sex, gender, and sexuality and the norms that come with them like fish and water (Lorber, 1994) . We have almost become numb to the norms and expectations that come along with certain genders and roles. However, when we see something out of the norm or missing, we notice it. Whether we keep it to ourselves or point it out, that is up to the individual.†¦show more content†¦They share the house cleaning duties for sure, but you could fairly say she does more of the chores more frequently. My dad on the other hand, spent most of his afternoon doing yard work and mowing the lawn and even helped me replace a belt on my truck. To be fair, my mom has helped out occasionally with simple yard work chores, but she was not outside for hours doing yard work and changing a belt. Watching and hearing my parents do these chores for so long, it just became the norm; I became numb to it. I know my parents are not the only parents out there like this, I am sure most parents are like my with the same process. Gender in Stratification. The way Lorber explains gender being a part of a stratification system is her basically saying people view and rank men above women. Actions that women are usually devalued and overlooked, while actions by men are praised more even if the action done by the man and woman are the same exact thing (Lorber, 1994). In Western civilization scenarios, men are usually what we call A and the women are what we call Not-A (Lorber, 1994). The Not-A s are also usually seen as deviant or bad which results in minorities being in the Not-A group. To make the path even more windy, by looking at society in a stratification way, men and women in the working class and strictly wor king class, are typically more equal regarding actions and accomplishments (Lorber, 1994).When you think about how gender is a

Friday, May 15, 2020

Economics Economic Growth And Environment Essay

Economic Growth and Environment Professor: Wuu-Long Lin Student: Yin-Chun Chou Student ID: 11602318 Table of Content 1. Introduction 2. Review of the literature 3. The methodology used in the study - Environmental Kuznets Curves 4. Analysis 4.1 Industrial Ecology 4.2 Is Environmental Protection Too Expensive? 4.3 Does Environmental Protection Reduce Economic Growth? 5. Policy Recommendation List of References 1. Introduction The natural environment is the foundation to economic growth. Productivity cannot stand alone with the artificial intelligence and technology. Let’s face the most important issue on the earth-the natural resources are limited. People have to consume environmental resources in sustainable methods – whether by improving the efficiency of resource consumption or by adopting new techniques and product designs. It also means that do not overuse the resources to avoid the natural assets cannot be recovered after excess economic activity. While environmental sustainability is the important government policy, the protection of the environment and the economic growth are usually seen as competing aims. Some European entrepreneur claim that the environmental regulation is hindering their growth and force them to reallocate the business outside of the Europe. The objective of this paper is discussion on the relationship between environmental sustainability and the economic growth. This paper will review the literature and thenShow MoreRelatedEconomic Growth and the Environment1594 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic Growth and Environment Introduction Economic growth and the use of environmental resources go hand in hand. No country or economy will be able to sustain economic growth without using the natural resources available in the environment. The constant need for resources is the fuel for economic growth and any country going through a heightened level of economic activity tends to use more resources from the environment. Relationship between economic growth and environment The relationshipRead MoreImpact Of Economic Growth On The Environment2447 Words   |  10 Pagesdrive for prosperity and economic growth by developing countries has had enormous consequences on the environment. The negative effects of these industrialisation and massive expansions along economic lines, without proper environmental impact analysis and environmental expertise has led to the degradation of the environment in a very rapid manner. Especially in nowadays, as the environment problem is increasingly severe, more people desire to live in a clean environment. The G20 has already madeRead MoreEconomic Growth Of China And Its Effect On The Environment1621 Words   |  7 PagesTitle: Economic growth in china and its effect on the environment in china. Abstract: Economic development is very critical for better future of any country and its residence but for one to gain something thing they must lose something. This has been the case with china’s economy and the environment. China’s growing manufacturing sector and increase in consumption has taken the country’s economy to new heights. Today china is one of the largest economic powerhouse in world, but at what cost. China’sRead MoreRelationship Between Economic Growth and Environment1331 Words   |  6 PagesThe relationship between the economic growth and environment is and may always remain a complex matter. Some perceive the emergence of new pollution problems unsuccessful when dealing with global warming. There are others however, that have a more optimistic view. They see tremendous progress made in improving air quality in major cities and note ever improving human condition which was made possible by the advances of technology. 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Aiming to provide a criticalRead MoreEffect Of Economic Growth On Energy Demand And The Environment1763 Words   |  8 PagesEffect of Economic Growth in China on Energy Demand and the Environment Introduction China has grown economically to be one of the most important countries in the world; with over 1.3 billion population and the sheer size of the country, this economic phenomenon is unprecedented. If only this were the only growth China has experienced, then it would really be a phenomenon, sadly, it is not. China s drastic growth in the economy has also lead to a few other drastic growths, but it is not forRead MoreThe Correlation Between Economic Growth And The Deterioration Of Our Environment Essay1731 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen about the environment, whose quality is not indicated in the measure of GDP. Some scholars say that there is nothing wrong with our current natural ecosystem and that we should not worry, other scholars say that we should be more concerned about our environment today than we ever were. Many studies were done to validate both these hypotheses which left people divided, but it is always better to be safe than sorry. Economists have found the correlation betwe en economic growth and the deteriorationRead MoreThe Single Parent Family Structural Environment And Economic Conditions Can Hinder The Development And Growth Of A Child936 Words   |  4 Pagessuch single parent homes have been negatively affected psychologically and socially which then is reflected in their behavior as well. The purpose of this paper is to explore how the single parent family structural environment and economic conditions can hinder the development and growth of a child. Due to the rise in divorce rates and children born out of unmarried couples, it is more likely for children to be growing up in single-parent homes. According to Statistics Canada (2011) the ratio of motherRead MoreDiscuss the Economic Policy Conflicts That Arise in the Pursuit of Economic Growth978 Words   |  4 Pages1. Discuss the economic policy conflicts that arise in the pursuit of economic growth Maintaining economic growth between 3-4% has been the Australian Government’s main economic objective. By managing sustainable level of economic growth, Australia may benefit through positive effects such as higher capita incomes and living standards. Although Australia has had relatively stable rate of economic growth during the 1990s to 2000s with an average of 3.3%, Australia has had issues including the depletionRead MoreInternational Political Market Values And Subsequent Free Trade Agreements869 Words   |  4 Pagestrade agreements are at the forefront of economic globalization. As the global markets and economic competition intensifies, nations move towards trade liberalization. International trade agreements by extension of economic globalization are more often prioritized before environmental agreements. In fact it is evident that environmental policy is rarely prioritized over economic growth. The neo-liberal market ideals have encouraged the development of economi c globalization and therefore sustain the

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Egypt s Press Freedom Issue And How The Government Is...

â€Å"Once a global beacon, the American press has suffered from scandal, unpopularity and government crackdowns†. In this paper, I will be explaining Egypt’s press freedom issue and how the government is responsible. Egypt is an Arab country located in the corner of North Africa, close to the Middle East. Egypt is a diverse country with many religions, mainly Islam and Christianity. Egyt has a population of over 82 million. Ever since the Arab Spring started in Egypt, attacks on press freedom increased immensely in numbers. Egypt arrests/attacks and prevents journalists from revealing information or criticizing the government, police, army, and leaders within the country. It is believed that Egypt has been practicing such acts in order to protect their government and regime, so it does not change into the hands of the actual Egyptian people. Egypt claims to be a democratic state yet they are restricting journalists from doing their job and arresting or torturing them. They are not only attacking journalists, but also regular citizens who post about the government in social media like Facebook and Twitter. More and more Egyptian journalists have been scrutinized and afraid of presenting information on the state because of the huge possibility of being thrown into prison. The Egyptian government does not want journalists or anyone to reveal information regarding them, so they do not get exposed. If more information is revealed against the government then Egyptian people willShow MoreRelatedEssay about palace walk2820 Words   |  12 PagesPatriarchy in simple terms can be defined as a system or government in which men hold the power and status, in comparison to women who are largely excluded. Throughout this assignment, particular attention will be placed upon issues surrounding patriarchal culture and the effects of the British colonial rule. Furthermore, the manners in which patriarchy manifests itself in regards to human relationships and behav iour will also be discussed, as well as the effect of power relations on the abilityRead MoreThe Tanzimat: Reform in the Ottoman Empire Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesMahmud II, and various other Europeanized Ottoman bureaucrats initiated what is known today as the largest reform movement in the history of the Ottoman Empire. The Tanzimat changed life in the Ottoman Empire drastically, and completely revolutionized how the Ottomans lived. Previously, the empire was home to various different, nationalities, races, religions and cultures. During the Tanzimat, a major effort was made to unite these people, which is often referred to as the policy of Ottomanism. ThisRead MoreCurrent Affairs in Egypt6127 Words   |  25 PagesEgypt’s Internet Cut Off, Egypt News, Egypt, Egypt Protest, Egypt Protests 2011 [pic] [pic] Image Source Tens of thousands of Egyptian demonstrators took to the streets on 25 January, young and old, Muslim and Christian, rich and poor, educated and not so-educated. They all chanted â€Å"Long live Egypt†, â€Å"Life, liberty and human dignity† and â€Å"Down with the Mubarak regime†. The day marked for the celebration of Police Day was dubbed the Day of Rage. The protests, which continued through a secondRead MoreThe New Middle East : The World After The Arab Spring2748 Words   |  11 Pagesdevastation and brutal dictatorships. Now, after Arab Spring, some of those dictators are gone, and in countries like Tunisia and to a lesser degree Egypt, there are attempts to establish democracy. In his book, The New Middle East: The World After the Arab Spring (2013), Paul Danahar writes that the changes brought by Arab Spring will lead to greater freedom for people in the Middle East, and that even the relationship between Israel and Palestine will be impacted (especially because secular and religiousRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And Syria1647 Words   |  7 Pages The Legend on Modernist Terrorism The radical Islamic terrorist organization, recently re-titled â€Å"the Islamic State†, has existed under several names since the 1990s. Its history is an epic of how modern terrorism progressed from a religious and political ideal into an obliterating cult. The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) is a properly-armed group that is a threat to the global security. ISIS, whose merciless members delight in murdering innocent people, must be destroyed beforeRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And Syria1592 Words   |  7 Pages The radical Islamic terrorist organization, recently re-titled â€Å"the Islamic State,† has existed under several names since the 1990s. Its history is an epic of how modern terrorism progressed from a religious and political ideal into an obliterating cult. The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) is a properly-armed group that is a threat to the global security. ISIS, whose merciless members delight in murdering innocent people, must be destroyed before its fanatical followers carry out furtherRead MoreReligion and Politics Essay2773 Words   |  12 Pagesreligion and politics have always played a very significant part in our everyday lives, dating back to the ancient pharaohs of Africa to our modern day society, religion have had a profound effect on our existence as a society. For a good example of how religion affects politics in our modern world we need not look very far but in our own backyard. The influence of Catholicism on Latin American politics, and the role religion plays on Middle Eastern politics have had a profound affect in those relatedRead MorePluralism in Islam3199 Words   |  13 Pagessome shared conception of how a country s various religious communities relate to each other and to the larger nation whole.1 Base of Islamic Pluralism in the Light of Quran Reference to Islamic views on religious pluralism is found in the  Quran in a number of places. In order to understand Muslim attitudes towards other religions, a detailed study of Quranic verses is required. The most important principle Muslims have accepted and employed in reference to this issue throughout Islamic historyRead MoreThe Revolutionary Creation And The Liberation Of The World Wide Web2073 Words   |  9 Pagesworldwide use of the internet is practically indispensible. Yet, its origin only dates back to the early 1950s. No invention in history has grown so fast to touch so many lives. In fact, neither the telephone nor the automobile nor the printing press has the impact of the internet on the human civilization as a communications tool that offers instant access to things happening everywhere. In scope, more emails are sent and received in any given 48 hours period than the total number of mail piecesRead MoreLiberal Democracy And The Constitutional System2526 Words   |  11 Pagesdemocracy is a form of government that operates under a constitutional system and is ruled by the electorate. The government is representative of the people and regular elections are held. It calls for the freedoms that are stated in America’s first amendment-freedom of press, speech, religion, and assembly. This political ideology has been apart of history. Patriots, such as our founding fathers and Patrick Henry, were willing to risk their lives in order to achieve freedom from an oppressive monarchial

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Review of Chart of Accounts - Philippines free essay sample

Review of Chart of Accounts – Philippines Questions and Suggested Answers 1. In China GAAP, the bonds or stocks purchased are categorized as Held-for-trading or Available for sale or Long term investment, based on the purpose of purchase. Does Philippine GAAP have similar categorization? Philippine client want to separate the marketable securities to current or non-current, it means short or long term, right? Answer: The Philippine Financial Reporting Standards (PFRS) [based from International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)] classifies â€Å"Investment in Bonds† and â€Å"Investments in Stocks† as financial assets. For this purpose, investments in bonds or stocks are classified as: ? Trading securities (debt or equity securities) o o ? ? â€Å"Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss† by requirement â€Å"Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss† by designation Available-for-sale securities (debt or equity securities) Held-to-maturity securities (debt securities only) These investments are classified as either current (short-tem) or noncurrent (long-term) assets. The account name â€Å"Long-term investment† is not among the financial assets classification in PFRS. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of Chart of Accounts Philippines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Current investments are investments that are by their very nature are readily realizable and are intended to be held for not more than one year. Debt Trading securities Available-forsale v v Equity v v Current v Noncurrent Current or Noncurrent v Maybe classified as current or noncurrent depending on whether they are intended to be held within one year or for more than one year v Held-tomaturity v 2 For instance, trading securities are normally classified as current assets because these investments are expected to be realized within twelve (12) of the balance sheet date. Noncurrent financial assets are investments other than current investments. This residual definition means that the noncurrent investments are intended to be held for more than one year or are not expected to be realized within twelve months after the end of the reporting period. Trading Securities or Held-for-trading Securities The first category of financial assets under PAS 39 is called â€Å"financial assets at fair value through profit or loss†. This category includes two types of financial assets, they are: A. Financial assets that are held for trading or popularly known as â€Å"trading securities

Sunday, April 12, 2020

Motivation of Employees

Introduction The theory of management emerged in the early 19th century when Henri Fayol, a Frenchman, described management as cooperative integration of various functions in an organization in order to achieve organizational goals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation of Employees specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In early part of the 20th century, Mary Parker described management as an art of mobilizing people to perform specific tasks that translate into organizational goals (Arthurs Busenitz 2003, p.150). In 1960, Douglas McGregor revolutionized management theory by formulating theories that describe two aspects of management, the X and Y theories. In his theories, McGregor postulated that motivation of employees is central to achieving organizational goals. He recognized that, â€Å"†¦human capital and knowledge are the most important sources of value for the 21st century organization†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kochan Orlikowski 2009, p.2). This view has greatly changed the management strategies and structures in terms of human resources and technology. Hence, this essay explores literature review regarding the evolution of McGregor’s X and Y theories with the view of analyzing their relevance to the 21st century managers. Theory X Theory X postulates authoritarian style of management, which assumes that employees cannot work effectively and achieve organizational goals unless the management forces them to do so. McGregor posited that â€Å"conventional managerial assumptions of theory X reflect essentially an opposite and negative views namely, that employees are lazy, are incapable of self-direction and autonomous work behavior, have little to offer in terms of organizational problem solving† (Kopelman, Prottas Davis 2008, p.255). Theory X assumes that employees are inherently lazy thus views them as organizational costs that need constant monitoring and control in or der to reduce losses and gain maximum benefits from them.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another assumption of theory X is that employees cannot utilize their autonomy effectively to benefit organization because they are not responsible; hence, they need proper management to lead them. Further assumption holds that employees are not creative and tend to resist organizational changes that are critical for economic growth. Due to these assumptions, authoritative management is imperative in mobilizing reserved employees. Based on Maslow’s theory, organizations under the management style of theory X rely on the satisfaction of basic needs such as money and other benefits in motivation of their employees. According to Daniels, â€Å"McGregor makes the point that a command and control environment is not effective because it relies on the lower needs as a levers of motivat ion, but in modern society those needs are already satisfied and thus no longer are motivators† (2008, p.11). Management according to theory X exclusively motivates employees using money, which only satisfies the lower human needs leaving higher needs that provide elevated and lasting motivation. Thus, theory X does not give satisfactory motivation to the employees for them to be very productive. Theory Y Theory Y elucidates participative style of management that is very effective in the management of modern mega organizations. The assumptions of this theory are that employees are invaluable resources, effective work involves concerted efforts, integration of technology with social systems enhances work, and delegation of responsibilities is essential in achieving organizational goals. According to the first assumption, human resources are invaluable resources in an organization that need development and motivation. Proper motivation of the employees will enhance their self-es teem and creates conducive environment where working becomes as interesting as playing. In the second assumption, theory Y posits that knowledge-based systems encourage â€Å"†¦high levels of performance that can only be achieved by organizing work in ways that allow workers to utilize and deepen their knowledge and skills, while working collaboratively on multiple, temporary projects to accomplish flexible and innovative operations† (Wubbolding 2002, p.3).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation of Employees specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Coordination of systems in a manner that enhances concerted efforts would expediently lead to the achievements of organizational goals. The third assumption predicts that integration of technology with social systems would significantly change the application of technology in an organization. The effectiveness of technology depends on the integration of human resources and the physical part of technology resulting into viable technology that effectively drives the workforces for the organization to realize its goals. In the fourth assumption, delegation of responsibilities by the top management to the lower management levels enhances productivity in the organization. â€Å"The average man learns, under proper conditions, not only to accept but also to seek responsibility by employing creativity and imaginations in solving organizational problems† (Deming 2007, p.9).This assumption recognizes that employees have abilities that are very crucial in solving impending management problems in that motivation and delegation of responsibilities enhances their participation. Relevance and Value of X-Y Theories Douglas McGregor’s X and Y theories describe contrasting management styles of 20th and 21st centuries respectively. Theory X depicts 20th century style of management that relies heavily on authoritative supervision of employees as this theory assumes that employees are costs that need constant management in order realize organizational goals. Regarding motivation of workers, theory X is very poor since it only depends upon money and other material benefits to satisfy the needs of the employees, which are the lowest needs according to Maslow’s theory. McGinnis warns that, motivation of employees using the lowest human needs is not lasting and effective in enhancing productivity of human resources in an organization (2006, p 22). The X theory is relevance to the 21st managers because it indicates the level of management the organization is employing in the continuum of X-Y management levels. The poorest management style tends to shift towards X while the best management tends to shift towards Y. On the other hand, theory Y describes participative style of management that is very effective in the 21st century. This theory appreciates human labor as invaluable resource that the organization should deve lop and expand through motivation. In terms of motivation, this theory asserts that motivation of employees should entail satisfaction of highest needs according to the Maslow’s theory.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gosling and Marturano argue that, â€Å"the expenditure of physical and mental efforts in work is as natural as play or rest, and the average human being under proper conditions, learns not only to accept but to seek responsibility† (2003, p. 7). Satisfaction of the highest needs such as self-esteem and self-actualization would motivate employees to be highly productive since work would be enjoyable as play thus enhancing the values of creativity, commitment, and responsibility in employees. Conclusion Management theory has been developing over centuries and managers have been wondering on what type of management style can effectively motivate employees and propel organizations towards achieving their goals. Douglas McGregor formulated X and Y theories that describe contrasting management styles for the managers to perceive their level of management. Theory X postulates that employees are inherently lazy and a form of costs that needs constant supervision for them to work eff ectively for the organization to attain its goals. In contrast, theory Y postulates that employees are integral resources that organizations should always optimize by motivating them. Motivation entails satisfaction of highest human needs, self-esteem and self-actualization as classified in the Maslow’s theory of hierarchy of needs. These theories are relevant to the 21st century managers since they assess their levels of management and predict the performance of their organizations. References Arthurs, D., Busenitz, L., 2003. The Boundaries and Limitations of Agency Theory and Stewardship Theory in the Venture Capitalist/Entrepreneur Relationship. Entrepreneur Theory and Practice, pp. 145-162. Bolden, R., Gosling, J., Marturano, A., 2003. Review of Leadership Theory and Competency Frameworks. Centre for Leadership Studies, pp. 1-44. Available from: http://business-school.exeter.ac.uk/ Daniels, T., 2008. Douglas McGregor: Theory X and Theory Y. Journal of Human  Resource s Management, pp. 1-25. Deming, W., 2007. Total Quality Management: Explanation of the Fourteen Points of Management. Organizational Management Level, pp. 1-11. Web. Kochan, T., Orlikowski, W., 2009. Beyond McGregor’s Theory Y: Human Capital and Knowledge in the 21st Century Organization. Human Resource Development Journal, pp. 1-24. Kopelman, R., Prottas, D., Davis, A., 2008. Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Y: Toward a Construct-valid Measure. Journal of Managerial Issues, 20(2), pp. 255-272. McGinnis, S., 2006. Organizational Behavior and Management Thinking.  Organization Management Journal, pp.37-57. Wubbolding, R., 2002. Employee motivation. Quality Management of Employees, pp. 1-6. This essay on Motivation of Employees was written and submitted by user Maleah Cox to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.